what does the biblical term inn mean to hebrews

Semitic-speaking Israelites, particularly in the pre-monarchic period

This commodity is about the Hebrew people. For the volume of the Bible, see Epistle to the Hebrews.

Judaean prisoners being deported into exile to other parts of the Assyrian empire. Wall relief from the South-West Palace at Nineveh (modern-day Ninawa Governorate, Iraq), Mesopotamia. Neo-Assyrian menstruation, 700-692 BCE. The British Museum, London.

The terms Hebrews (Hebrew: עבריים‎ / עִבְרִים‎, Mod: ʿĪvrīm / ʿĪvrīyyīm , Tiberian: ʿĪḇrīm / ʿĪḇrīyyīm ; ISO 259-3: ʕibrim / ʕibriyim ) and Hebrew people are mostly considered synonymous with the Semitic-speaking Israelites, especially in the pre-monarchic period when they were still nomadic. However, in some instances it may also exist used in a wider sense, referring to the Phoenicians, or to other ancient groups, such as the group known as Shasu of Yhw on the eve of the Bronze Historic period collapse,^[ane] which appears 34 times inside 32 verses^{[2] [3] [4]} of the Hebrew Bible. It is sometimes regarded as an ethnonym^[v] and sometimes not.^{[half-dozen] [7]}

Past the time of the Roman Empire, Greek Hebraios could refer to the Jews in general, every bit Strong's Hebrew Dictionary puts it, "any of the Jewish Nation",^[viii] and at other times more than specifically to the Jews living in Judea. In early Christianity, the Greek term Ἑβραῖος refers to Jewish Christians every bit opposed to the gentile Christians and Judaizers (Acts half-dozen:1 among others). Ἰουδαία is the province where the Temple was located.

In Armenian, Italian, Greek, the Kurdish languages, Old French, Serbian, Russian, Romanian and a few other languages, the transfer of the proper name from Hebrew to Jew never took place, and "Hebrew" is the main word used for a Jew.^{[9] [10] [11]}

With the revival of the Hebrew language and the emergence of the Hebrew Yishuv, the term has been applied to the Jewish people of this re-emerging society in Israel or the Jewish people in general.

Etymology [edit]

The definitive origin of the term "Hebrew" remains uncertain.^[12] The biblical term Ivri ( עברי ; Hebrew pronunciation: [ʕivˈri]), meaning "to traverse" or "to laissez passer over", is usually rendered as Hebrew in English, from the ancient Greek Ἑβραῖος and the Latin Hebraeus. The biblical give-and-take Ivri has the plural form Ivrim, or Ibrim.

The nigh more often than not accepted hypothesis today^{[13] [xiv] [15]} is that the text intends ivri as the adjective (Hebrew suffix -i) formed from ever (עֵבֶר) 'beyond, across' (avar (עָבַר) 'to cross, to traverse'), as a description of migrants 'from across the river' as the Bible describes the Hebrews.^[xvi] It is as well supported by the 3rd century BCE Septuagint, which translates ivri to perates (περατής),^[17] a Greek give-and-take meaning 'ane who came across, a migrant',^[18] from perao (περάω) 'to cross, to traverse',^[19] besides as some early traditional commentary.^[twenty] Gesenius considers it the simply linguistically acceptable hypothesis.^[21] The description of peoples and nations from their location 'from across the river' (oft the river Euphrates, sometimes the Jordan river) was common in this region of the ancient Near-East:^[22] it appears as eber nari in Akkadian^{[23] [24]} and avar nahara in Aramaic (both corresponding to Hebrew ever nahar), the Aramaic expression's utilize existence quoted verbatim in the Bible, for example in an Aramaic letter sent to the King of Persia in the Book of Ezra^[25] or in the Volume of Nehemiah,^[26] sometimes rendered as Trans-Euphrates.^[27]

Ramesses Three prisoner tiles depicting Canaanite and Shasu leaders equally captives. Almost archaeologists regard the Hebrews as local Canaanite refugees and perhaps some Shasu settling down in the hill-land.^{[28] [29] [30]}

Genesis 10:21 refers to Shem, the elder brother of Ham and Japheth and thus the offset-born son of Noah, as the father of the sons of Eber (עבר), which may have a like meaning.

Some authors^{[ which? ]} debate that Ibri denotes the descendants of the biblical patriarch Eber (Hebrew עבר), son of Shelah, a dandy-grandson of Noah and an ancestor of Abraham,^[31] hence the occasional anglicization Eberites.

Since the 19th-century CE discovery of the second-millennium BCE inscriptions mentioning the Habiru, many theories have linked these to the Hebrews. Some scholars contend that the proper name "Hebrew" is related to the name of those seminomadic Habiru people recorded in Egyptian inscriptions of the 13th and 12th centuries BCE as having settled in Arab republic of egypt.^[32] Other scholars rebut this, proposing that the Hebrews are mentioned in later texts of the 3rd Intermediate Menstruation of Egypt (11th century BCE) as Shasu of Yhw,^[33] while some scholars^[34] consider these ii hypotheses compatible, Ḫabiru being a generic Akkadian form parallel to Hebrew ʿivri from the Akkadian equivalent of ʿever 'beyond, across' describing foreign peoples 'from across the river',^[35] where the letter ayin (ʿ) in Hebrew corresponds to ḫ in Akkadian^[36] (every bit in Hebrew nilaʿ respective to Akkadian zuru ḫ ^[37]).

Apply as synonym for "Israelites" [edit]

In the Hebrew Bible, the term Hebrew is unremarkably used by foreigners (namely, the Egyptians) when speaking about Israelites and sometimes used by Israelites when speaking of themselves to foreigners,^[38] although Saul does use the term for his fellow countrymen in i Samuel 13:3. In Genesis xi:16–26, Abram is described as a descendant of Eber, from which some writers claim the designation Hebrew is derived. In Genesis fourteen:13, Abraham is described as Avram Ha-Ivri ("Abram the Hebrew"), and which translates literally as "Abram the one who stands on the other side."

Israelites are divers as the descendants of Jacob, son of Isaac, grandson of Abraham. Eber, an ancestor of Jacob (seven generations removed), is a afar ancestor of many peoples, including the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Edomites, Moabites, Ammonites, Midianites, Amalekites and Qahtanites.

Co-ordinate to the Jewish Encyclopedia the terms Hebrews and Israelites usually depict the same people, stating that they were called Hebrews before the conquest of the Land of Canaan and Israelites afterwards.^[39] Professor Nadav Na'aman and others say that the apply of the word "Hebrew" to refer to Israelites is rare and when used it is used "to Israelites in infrequent and precarious situations, such as migrants or slaves."^{[40] [41]}

Utilise as synonym for "Jews" [edit]

By the Roman period, "Hebrews" could be used to designate the Jews, who utilize the Hebrew language.^[42] The Epistle to the Hebrews, one of the books of the New Testament, was probably directed at Jewish Christians.^{[ citation needed ]}

In some modern languages, including Armenian, Greek, Italian, Romanian, and many Slavic languages, the name Hebrews (with linguistic variations) is the standard ethnonym for Jews; but in many other languages in which both terms exist, it is currently considered derogatory to call Jews "Hebrews".^{[43] [44]}

Amidst sure left-wing or liberal circles of Judaic cultural lineage, the discussion "Hebrew" is used as an alternatively secular description of the Jewish people (e.g., Bernard Avishai's The Hebrew Democracy or left-wing wishes for a "Hebrew-Arab" joint cultural republican state).

Use in Zionism [edit]

Beginning in the late 19th century, the term "Hebrew" became popular among secular Zionists; in this context the give-and-take alluded to the transformation of the Jews into a strong, independent, cocky-confident secular national group ("the New Jew") sought by classical Zionism. This utilize died out later the establishment of the state of Israel, when "Hebrew" was replaced with "Jew" or "Israeli".^[45]

References [edit]

Bibliography [edit]

• Ancient Judaism, Max Weber, Free Press, 1967, ISBN 0-02-934130-2
• Zeitlin, Solomon (1953). "The Names Hebrew, Jew and State of israel: A Historical Study". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 43 (4): 365–379. doi:10.2307/1453236. JSTOR 1453236.
• Richard Kugelman, "Hebrew, Israelite, Jew in the New Testament." In The Span: A Yearbook of Judaeo-Christian Studies, Vol. i, edited past John M. Oesterreicher and Barry Ulanov, 204–224. New York: Pantheon Books, 1955.
• Harvey, Graham (2001). The True Israel: Uses of the Names Jew, Hebrew, and State of israel in Aboriginal Jewish and Early Christian Literature. BRILL. ISBN0-391-04119-3.

Notes [edit]

1. ^ "Index of /epsd". psd.museum.upenn.edu . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
2. ^ "Genesis 1:one (KJV)". Bluish Letter Bible . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
3. ^ "עִבְרִי - Hebrew - 4.ri - H5680 - Discussion search - ESV - STEP". world wide web.stepbible.org . Retrieved March three, 2019.
4. ^ Brown; Driver; Briggs; Gesenius (1952). The NAS Former Testament Hebrew Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-198-64301-2 . Retrieved September half-dozen, 2014.
5. ^ Douglas Knight, "Hebrews", The Oxford Companion to the Bible: "An ethnic term, information technology antedated the common sociopolitical names Israel or Judah in the monarchic menstruation, too every bit the more ethnoreligious appellative Jew in later times."
6. ^ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, p.567, "Hebrew, Hebrews... A non-ethnic term"
7. ^ Plummet of the Bronze Age, p. 266, quote: "Opinion has sharply swung away from the view that the Apiru were the earliest Israelites in office because Apiru was not an ethnic term nor were Apiru an ethnic group."
8. ^ "Genesis 1:1 (NKJV)". Blue Letter Bible . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
9. ^ Administrator. "Jewish Museum of Venice - homepage". Museoebraico.it. Archived from the original on Baronial 17, 2012. Retrieved Baronial four, 2012.
10. ^ "Jewish Ghetto of Venice". Ghetto.information technology. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
11. ^ Yann Picand, Dominique Dutoit. "translation of evreiesc in English | Romanian-English lexicon". Translation.sensagent.com. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
12. ^ "Hebrew". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago. 2009.
13. ^ Gesenius, H. Westward. F. (ed.). "Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Quondam Testament".
14. ^ "Genesis 14:xiii". Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.
15. ^ Ernest, Klein (ed.). "A Comprehensive Etymological Lexicon of the Hebrew Linguistic communication for Readers of English".
16. ^ "Joshua 24:3 But I took your father Abraham from beyond the Euphrates and led him through all the country of Canaan, and I multiplied his descendants. I gave him Isaac". biblehub.com . Retrieved August 4, 2020.
17. ^ "Abram the Hebrew = Αβραμ τῷ περάτῃ".
18. ^ A Greek-English language Lexicon, Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dperath%2Fs
19. ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English language Lexicon, περάω". world wide web.perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved August 4, 2020.
20. '^ "Bereishit Rabah 42:8, on the commencement mention of the word ivri in the Bible, the words 'Abram the ivri of Genesis 14:xiii".
21. ^ Wilhelm Gesenius. Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar.
22. ^ Beattie, D. R. G.; Davies, Philip R. (March i, 2011). "What Does Hebrew Hateful?1". Journal of Semitic Studies. 56 (1): 71–83. doi:10.1093/jss/fgq059. ISSN 0022-4480.
23. ^ A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, Jeremy Black, Andrew George, Nicholas Postgate, page 64
24. ^ Case: definition of eber nari in Akkadian-linguistic communication Treaty of Esarhaddon Male monarch of Assyria with Baal King of Tyre (British Museum, London, UK)
25. ^ Ezra iv:xi, New American Standard Bible: "To King Artaxerxes: Your servants, the men in the region beyond the River" (Aramaic: enash avar nahara) https://biblehub.com/ezra/4-11.htm https://www.sefaria.org.il/Ezra.4.11?lang=he
26. ^ "Nehemiah 2:7 Hebrew Text Analysis". biblehub.com . Retrieved August 4, 2020.
27. ^ "Nehemiah 2:7 in the New International Version translation: "may I accept letters to the governors of Trans-Euphrates"". biblehub.com . Retrieved Baronial 4, 2020.
28. ^ "Shasu or Habiru: Who Were the Early on Israelites?". The BAS Library. August 24, 2015. Retrieved March three, 2019.
29. ^ "Israelites equally Canaanites". www.fsmitha.com . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
30. ^ "Inside, Outside: Where Did the Early Israelites Come From?". The BAS Library. Baronial 24, 2015. Retrieved March three, 2019.
31. ^ "EBER - JewishEncyclopedia.com". world wide web.jewishencyclopedia.com . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
32. ^ "Hebrew - people". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
33. ^ Rainey, Anson (Nov 2008). "Shasu or Habiru. Who Were the Early Israelites?". Biblical Archeology Review. Biblical Archaeology Society. 34 (6 (Nov/Dec)).
34. ^ "Klein Dictionary, עִבְרִי". world wide web.sefaria.org . Retrieved August 4, 2020.
35. ^ encounter above the discussion of the Akkadian and Aramaic expressions eber nari and avar nahara respectively, corresponding to Hebrew always nahar, existence widely used in the ancient Almost-East.
36. ^ Klein, Ernest (1971). A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary Of The English Language. p. 692.
37. ^ "Search Entry". world wide web.assyrianlanguages.org . Retrieved August 4, 2020.
38. ^ William David. Reyburn - Euan McG. Fry - A Handbook on Genesis - New York - United Bible Societies - 1997
39. ^ "HEBREW". Jewishe Encyclopedia . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
40. ^ Carolyn Pressler (2009). "Wives and Daughters, Bond and Costless: Views of Women in the Slave Laws of Exodus 21.2-11". In Bernard M. Levinson; Victor H. Matthews; Tikva Frymer-Kensky (eds.). Gender and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Most East . p. 152. ISBN978-0567545008.
41. ^ Carvalho, Corrine Fifty. (2010). Encountering Ancient Voices: A Guide to Reading the Old Attestation. Anselm Academic. p. 68. ISBN978-1599820507.
42. ^ "Hebrews". Retrieved March 3, 2019 – via The Free Dictionary.
43. ^ Yitzhaq Feder, in an online-article (c. 2013), "Don't Call Me Hebrew! The Mysterious Origins of the First Anti-Semitic Slur" suggests the term's present-day derogatory quality goes back to the origins of writing about the Jewish people.
44. ^ E. G. Kraeling, "The Origin of the Proper noun Hebrews", American Periodical of Semitic Languages and Literatures 58/3 (July 1941): 237-253.
45. ^ Shavit, Yaacov (1987). The New Hebrew Nation. Routledge. pp. xiv. ISBN0-7146-3302-X.

External links [edit]

• Media related to Hebrews at Wikimedia Commons

burnettcoraven.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrews

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